REPORTED SPEECH SUMMARY AND ACTIVITIES

Use

There are two ways of reporting what a person has said:
Direct Speech: "I am fed up with Holmes, " Sir Arthur Conan Doyle said.
Indirect Speech: Sir Arthur Conan Doylesaid that he was fed up with Holmes.
In direct speech,the punctuation consists of quotation marks and a capital letter at the beginning of the quotation 
Example: "That is part of the fun", Payne said. In Indirect Speech, there are no quotation marks. 
Example: Payne said that that was part of the fun.
Tell has a personal direct object
Example: He told him Holmes came back.
Say doesn't have a personal direct object.
Example: He said that Holmes came back.


Form
Whe the reporting veb of the sentence is in the past tense, the tense in the reported statement goes one tense back. Note that the pronoun often changes in indirect speech.
Examples: Conan Doyle said, I have no intention of breathing new life into Holmes".
                Conan Doyle said that he had no intention of breathing new life into Holmes."

Direct Speech                                                    Indirect Spech
Present Simple                                                    Past simple  
Present Continuous                                              Past Continuous
Present Perfect                                                   Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous                                  Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple                                                         Past Perfect
Past Continuous                                                   Past Perfect Continuous
Future (will)                                                        Future Past (would)
must                                                                    had to
can                                                                      could

When the reporting verb is in the Present Simple, Present Perfect or Future Simple, there is no change of tenese in the reported statement.
Examples: Malcolm Payne says: "The reaction was incredible."
                Malcolm Payne says that the reaction was incredible.

Time expressions may also have to change.
Direct Speech                      Indirect Speech
now                                       then
today                                     that day
yesterday                               the day before
a week ago                            the week before
tomorrow                              the following day
Other Changes
this                                        that
these                                      those
here                                       there

GRAMMAR: REPORTED SPEECH: QUESTIONS
Reported Questions
- When we report yes/no questions, the word order of the reported question changes to statement form. The words if or whether are used to introduce the reported question.
Direct Speech: We asked, "Are steroids really effective?
Indirect Speech: We asked if steroids were really effective.
- When we report wh- non-subject questions, the word order changes to the statement form and ther is a change of pronoun. We use wh-wordssuch as when, why, where and how to introduce the reported question.
Direct Speech: Why didi you take steroids?" she asked him
Indirect Speech: She asked him why he hada taken steroids.
- When we report wh-questions, the word order stays the same as in direct speech.
Direct Speech: He asked, "Who won the medal?"
Indirect Speech: He asked who had won the medal.

REPORTED COMMANDS
- When we report commands, we use the statement form. The reporting verb is followed by a direct object+to+base form.
Direct Speech: "Break her legs," Eckhart said to him.
Indirect Speech: Eckhart told him to break her legs
- With negative commands we use the reporting verb+direct object+not+to+base verb.
Direct Speech: Doctors warn athletes, "Don't take steroids."
Indirect Speech: Doctors warn athletes no to take steroids. 

SOME LINKS FOR PRACTICE:
Practice 1
Practice 2
Practice 3
Practice 4